LEUCEMIA MIELOIDE AGUDA

Abstract

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a rapidly evolving and potentially fatal hematological malignancy, whose clinical relevance lies in the necessity of early diagnosis for therapeutic success and improved survival. The objective of this Course Conclusion Work (TCC) was to analyze the main diagnostic methods and laboratory findings associated with AML, aiming to contribute to timely diagnosis and promote the training of biomedical professionals. This study was conducted as an integrative literature review, utilizing databases such as BVS, LILACS, SciELO, and MEDLINE, and applying controlled descriptors (DeCS/MeSH) such as “Acute Myeloid Leukemia”, “Diagnosis”, and “Immunophenotyping.” The discussion indicates that AML diagnosis is multifaceted, evolving from purely morphological criteria (≥30% blasts in the FAB classification) to the more sensitive WHO guidelines (5th edition, 2022), which reduced the blast threshold and incorporated molecular biology findings. Essential laboratory tools include the Complete Blood Count and Myelogram (evidencing the leukemic triad), Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry (crucial for lineage determination and detection of Minimal Residual Disease – MRD), and Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology (NGS), vital for prognostic stratification and diagnosis of recurrent genetic alterations like t(8;21) and NPM1 mutations. Additionally, monitoring biochemical alterations, such as Tumor Lysis Syndrome (elevated LDH and uric acid) and coagulation disorders (DIC), is essential for complication prevention. In conclusion, the rigorous integration of morphological, phenotypic, and molecular findings forms the foundation for accurate diagnosis and effective clinical management of AML.