PRINCIPAIS ANORMALIDADES HEMOSTÁTICAS HEREDITÁRIAS EM CÃES - REVISÃO DE LITERATURA

Abstract

Hemostasis is an essential physiological process responsible for maintaining the balance between blood coagulation and fluidity, ensuring vascular integrity and preventing spontaneous hemorrhage or thrombosis. This mechanism involves the coordinated interaction of the endothelium, platelets, plasma factors, and the fibrinolytic system, which act in the formation and subsequent removal of the clot after tissue repair. Alterations in any of these stages may result in hemorrhagic disorders, such as hemophilia A and B and von Willebrand disease, which are the main hereditary coagulopathies of clinical relevance in dogs. Hemophilias, X-linked disorders, result from deficiencies in factors VIII and IX, respectively, compromising the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade. Clinically, they manifest as prolonged bleeding, hematomas, epistaxis, and hemarthrosis. Diagnosis is based on screening tests, such as the Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT), and confirmed by the specific measurement of plasma factor activity. Treatment is performed through replacement therapy with fresh frozen plasma or cryoprecipitate, with the prognosis being reserved in severe cases. Prevention depends on the identification of carriers and genetic control of breeding lines. von Willebrand disease, on the other hand, is characterized by a quantitative or functional deficiency of von Willebrand factor, which is essential for platelet adhesion and factor VIII stabilization. Diagnosis is confirmed by the von Willebrand factor antigen assay (vWF:Ag), and treatment includes cryoprecipitate infusion and desmopressin administration in mild cases. A detailed understanding of hemostasis and its hereditary alterations is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective therapeutic management, contributing to improving the quality of life and prognosis of affected animals.